![]() This means that the sugar content of FJ cannot be further modified and is representative of the sugar content of the intact fruit.Īssumptions made about the risks of consuming FJ include a potentially negative impact on cardiovascular health, body weight/body mass index, glycaemic control and risk of type 2 diabetes. In the EU and UK, it is not permitted to add sugar to FJ and the Brix level (concentration): “shall be the one of the juice as extracted from the fruit and shall not be modified, except by blending with the juice of the same species of fruit”. The 2001 EU Fruit Juice Directive defines FJ as: “The fermentable but unfermented product obtained from the edible part of fruit which is sound and ripe, fresh or preserved by chilling or freezing of one or more kinds mixed together having the characteristic colour, flavour and taste typical of the juice of the fruit from which it comes”. This is compounded by the differing serving sizes noted in public health guidance (80–237 mL) versus the broad range of intakes (200–750 mL) used in scientific studies.įJ is strictly defined in law and must meet specific requirements relating to its production and composition. Therefore, it is difficult for consumers to navigate these conflicting messages to determine, firstly, whether FJs are helpful or harmful in a health context and, secondly, how much can be consumed in a balanced diet. A review of country-based food-based dietary guidelines found that, while 7% of guidelines were negative about FJ, only 23% clarified their role in a balanced diet while 38% failed to provide any specific guidance on FJ. In contrast, in other countries such as the Netherlands, FJ is classed as a sugary drink and discouraged. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025 allow for up to half of the recommended daily fruit intake to be replaced by FJ. In countries, such as the UK, Spain, Austria, Denmark, France, Hungary and Ireland, one serving of FJ counts towards daily recommendations for fruits and vegetables. While it is a source of free sugars, it also contains micronutrients and plant bioactives. In conclusion, FJ appears to offer more benefit than risk and there appears to be no justification for discouraging FJ within a balanced diet for children and adults.įruit juice (FJ) is a drink made from the extraction or pressing of the natural liquid contained in fruit and vegetables. ![]() Observational studies report associations between FJ and nutrient adequacy and suggest that FJ consumption is associated with reduced risk of stroke. ![]() Emerging evidence for cognitive health benefits requires further investigation in human trials. In contrast, regular consumption of FJ-even up to 500 mL per day in short-to-medium-term studies-appears to confer a health benefit in terms of vascular function and reduced blood pressure. The findings reveal that FJ consumption, at moderate intakes consistent with the dietary guidelines for the US and some European countries (75–224 mL daily), does not increase the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease or poor glycaemic control. The present review weighs up the evidence from high-quality studies investigating a potential health harm for FJ against evidence from studies which indicate a potential health benefit. However, FJ also provides bioavailable micronutrients and plant bioactives at levels similar to those found in whole fruits. Dietary guidelines often deal with 100% fruit juice (FJ) inconsistently because it represents a source of free sugars.
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